COUNTRY SAFETY
Africa & Middle East · Tap water safety (cities)
Anonamed

Air quality, city by city (Africa Top 20).

This module summarizes tap-water safety signals for the Top 20 Americas cities on a widely published “Top 100 city destinations” list. It prioritizes municipal / regulator reporting, plus public-health and microbiology context where available.

Score: 0–100 (100 = strongest evidence of safe, reliably tested potable supply) Traveler label: 1–4 with color coding (green→red) Utility supply vs building-level risks distinguished

Cities

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Rank City Country PM2.5 (µg/m³, 24h avg) Score Traveler label Notes & sources
1N'Djamena, Chad91.8IQAir city annual mean (2024).
2Kinshasa, DR Congo58.2Proxy: IQAir 2024 country average for DR Congo (city-level annual mean not published).
3Kampala, Uganda41.0IQAir city annual mean (2024).
4Kigali, Rwanda40.8Proxy: IQAir 2024 country average for Rwanda.
5Cairo, Egypt39.9IQAir city annual mean (2024).
6Lagos, Nigeria40.1Proxy: IQAir 2024 country average for Nigeria.
7Accra, Ghana36.3IQAir city annual mean (2024).
8Johannesburg, South Africa24.0IQAir city annual mean (2024).
9Dakar, Senegal22.3IQAir city annual mean (2024).
10Addis Ababa, Ethiopia22.2IQAir city annual mean (2024).
11Cape Town, South Africa18.76Proxy: IQAir 2024 country average for South Africa.
12Nairobi, Kenya14.4IQAir city annual mean (2024).
13Casablanca, MoroccoNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
14Tunis, TunisiaNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
15Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
16Luanda, AngolaNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
17Harare, ZimbabweNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
18Lusaka, ZambiaNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
19Maputo, MozambiqueNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).
20Windhoek, NamibiaNo reliable 2024 annual mean published on IQAir for this city (monitoring gap).

PM2.5 is annual mean concentration (µg/m³). Where IQAir publishes a city annual mean for 2024, that value is shown; otherwise the country annual mean is used as a proxy and explicitly labeled. WHO’s Ambient Air Quality Database (v6.1, Jan 2024) is referenced for methodology context, but many African cities lack consistent long‑term monitoring coverage, so values may be unavailable.

Per‑city sources

Primary sources listed per city for auditability.

PM2.5 is annual mean concentration (µg/m³). Where IQAir publishes a city annual mean for 2024, that value is shown; otherwise the country annual mean is used as a proxy and explicitly labeled. WHO’s Ambient Air Quality Database (v6.1, Jan 2024) is referenced for methodology context, but many African cities lack consistent long‑term monitoring coverage, so values may be unavailable.